The price of flights has been rising since the start of the conflict in the Middle East, a worry for anyone planning a summer holiday.

Some airlines are also cutting back the number of flights they are operating, which could mean travellers facing changes to their plans.

Many airlines that serve the UK have said they plan to operate fewer flights.

The following companies have said they don't plan to change their schedules:

While some airlines have cut back on the number of flights to save money, others have said they will start charging more per passenger or will put up charges for luggage.

Overall cancellations will be a very small proportion of the millions of flights in and out of the UK, says Rory Boland, travel editor at consumer publication Which?. Airlines are likely to target cancellations on routes where there are multiple flights a day to make it easier to put passengers on a different flight.

Low-cost Spanish regional airline Volotea has come under fire for saying it will add a surcharge to tickets it has already sold and is being challenged by local consumer rights groups.

An airline or tour operator could only raise the price post-sale if they had a specific caveat written into the terms and conditions, says independent consumer commentator Jane Hawkes, but it is not standard practice.

However, when it comes to package holidays, tour operators can add up to 8% to the cost of your deal after you've booked, based on a "significant rise in fuel costs", says Boland. But Which? found most operators were promising not to add surcharges this year.

A lot of the industry's jet fuel supplies pass through the Strait of Hormuz, which has effectively been closed to shipping since the start of March.

Airlines are not physically running short of fuel currently, but there have been warnings of potential shortages by the summer if the conflict continues.

In the meantime the squeeze on supply has pushed up the price of jet fuel sharply – it roughly doubled during March and the first half of April.

Airlines agree deals in advance that help them lock in a lower price, but longer term they will be paying more for fuel.

The biggest rises in fares have been on long-haul routes via Asia, that have been forced to adapt their flight paths to avoid flying over the Gulf.

Flights from London to Melbourne in June now cost 76% more than last year and a flights to Hong Kong are up 72%, according to consultancy Teneo.

"There's no right or wrong," says Jane Hawkes. It could pay to wait for last-minute deals, or you might want to seize the moment now. She doesn't expect prices to fall over the rest of the year, however, because airlines still need to cover the increased costs.

She suggests being flexible over where and when you travel, including considering switching to road or rail or holidaying in the UK.

Book insurance and check your policy covers you for travel disruption, she adds.

And make sure you have a "contingency pot". Even if your holiday operator or airline is supposed to cover any disruption, you may need to pay upfront and claim it back later, which can take months, she warns.

If your flight is cancelled the airline must get you to your destination or offer a refund.

If you are delayed more than a couple of hours the airline is required to provide food and hotel accommodation.

That is in ordinary circumstances. In cases of war, weather, or other situations that are beyond an airline's control, they do not have to offer compensation.

Airlines are currently pushing for more clarity over whether fuel shortages caused by the current conflict would count as "extraordinary circumstances".

If you have booked your accommodation separately the airline is not required to compensate you for any days you have missed out on.

But if your package holiday travel is disrupted your tour operator should extend your stay, offer you an alternative holiday, or refund you for the holiday, says Boland.

Correction: this article has been amended to remove references to Air Asia and Vietjet as they do not currently fly to the UK. References to Air New Zealand have also been removed as it does not fly directly to the UK, but offers connections through its partners.

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The Bank of England expects stock markets around the world to fall as share prices do not reflect the many risks facing the global economy, its deputy governor has told the BBC.

Sarah Breeden said: "There's a lot of risk out there and yet asset prices are at all-time highs. We expect there will be an adjustment at some point."

It is unusual for a senior figure at the Bank to be so forthright on market movements.

Breeden, who is also the Bank's head of financial stability, declined to say when she expected markets to fall or by how much, but pointed to a number of factors that markets seemed complacent about.

"The thing that really keeps me awake at night is the likelihood of a number of risks crystallising at the same time – a major macroeconomic shock, confidence in private credit goes, AI and other risky valuations readjust – what happens in that environment and are we prepared for it?" she said.

A sharp fall in stock markets can have a number of effects on the economy. If households own shares, a fall in their value can make people feel poorer which might make them cut back on spending.

It can also make it harder for businesses to raise funds, which means they might reduce or delay investment. Falling markets can also hit confidence, which might lead to companies cutting back on hiring.

The US stock market is home to the world's biggest companies and has set a series of all-time highs recently despite warnings from the International Energy Agency that the world economy is facing the biggest energy shock in history.

Technology firms have poured hundreds of billions of dollars into AI infrastructure prompting some, including Microsoft founder Bill Gates to call it "a frenzy" that resembles the dotcom bubble of the late 1990s, when investors threw money at unproven start-ups that quickly went bust or had billions wiped off their value.

Nvidia boss Jensen Huang, the biggest supplier of chips to AI companies, is among those to dismiss these concerns.

A number of funds that mimic the role of banks and lend privately to businesses have sustained losses and have had to restrict withdrawals from investors, sparking concerns of weaknesses in the financial system.

Breeden said the enormous growth in this so called "shadow banking" system has not been tested.

"Private credit has gone from nothing to two-and-a-half trillion dollars in the last 15 to 20 years. It hasn't been tested at this scale with the degree of complexity and interconnections it has with the rest of the financial system so far," she said.

"It's a private credit crunch, rather than a banking-driven credit crunch, that we're worried about."

The UK stock market does not contain the kind or size of AI companies that have helped drive US markets to records but the FTSE 100 index is also within 5% of its own all-time high.

Breeden said her job was not to predict when and how much the markets fall but to ensure the financial system is ready if it does.

"What we are watching for: is how might those prices fall? Will there be a sharp adjustment downwards? And if there is such an adjustment, how will that affect the economy? I'm not saying it will happen today, tomorrow, in 12 months' time. It's ensuring that if it happens the system is resilient."

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US President Donald Trump and Fifa president Gianni Infantino have close ties

Rights groups have urged fans, players, journalists, and other visitors to this summer's World Cup to "exercise caution" if travelling to the United States.

More than 120 organisations have collectively issued a 'travel advisory' driven by what they say is "the Trump administration's violent and abusive immigration crackdown".

"The Trump administration's rising authoritarianism and increasing violence pose serious risks to all," the message states.

It adds minority groups in particular are "vulnerable to serious harm", and is critical of Gianni Infantino, president of football's world governing body Fifa, for his close ties to US President Donald Trump.

The coalition, which includes the American Civil Liberties Union, has called on Fifa to put pressure on US authorities "to respect the fundamental human rights of every person visiting and attending the games".

US officials have not yet commented on the groups' travel advisory, but Fifa says it is "committed to respecting all internationally recognised human rights and shall strive to promote the protection of these rights".

Fifa said it has a "commitment to human rights across all key activities and actors connected to the tournament", citing several documents and advisory groups it has set up to address human rights issues.

Trump's foreign policy and what it might mean for the World Cup

Trump and Infantino – too close for comfort?

World Cup risks being 'stage for repression' – Amnesty

The rights groups warn travellers about what they say is the potential for denial of entry to the country and risk of arrest, travel restrictions on citizens from dozens of countries, social media screening, racial profiling, and increased surveillance.

There are travel bans on nationals from four of the countries taking part in the tournament: Iran, Haiti, Senegal and Ivory Coast.

The groups say travellers should take steps including removing sensitive information from phones and keeping friends and family updated about their plans when travelling.

The United States is co-hosting the tournament alongside Canada and Mexico, with 78 of the 104 scheduled matches at the tournament taking place in the US.

The signatories are critical of Fifa, accusing it of failing to issue "concrete guarantees" on safety for travellers "while its president, Gianni Infantino, has aligned himself closer to the Trump administration".

In December, Infantino awarded President Trump with Fifa's inaugural Peace Prize.

An immigration crackdown has been a key focus of the Trump administration, with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) having its scope and budget significantly expanded.

ICE has faced criticism for its methods – especially following the fatal shooting of two US citizens who were protesting against the immigration crackdown.

US officials have said ICE agents will be part of World Cup security. Earlier this year, fan group Football Supporters Europe (FSE) told BBC Sport it was "extremely concerned by the ongoing militarisation of police forces in the US".

Last month, a report from human rights campaign group Amnesty said the World Cup risked becoming "a stage for repression and a platform for authoritarian practices".

In response to that, the White House's World Cup Task Force said that the tournament will be "the largest, safest, and most welcoming sporting event in history" and that it was working to deliver an event "that highlights America's hospitality, commitment to security, and spirit of excellence".

It promised that fans "can look forward to a smooth, secure, and truly unforgettable tournament".

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